Ccycling - the end of the climate catastrophe

How do we get independent from the fossil fuels, retain the advantages of the present technology, dispose of the exhaust fumes of four generations and nevertheless enter the solar age of the third millennium seamlessly and fast? The answer is contained in this study.

We stop the climate catastrophe before it gets catastrophic in just one generation. Each one who is interested becomes a shareholder in an organization that constructs a system for sun energy production for all mankind. The carbon of the combusted fossils is recycled from the atmosphere with sun energy to oil by sun energy, to ‘soloil’ for renewed combustion in the cars and power plants worldwide. The conventional technology for this recycling process already exists. We just need to take the initiative.

The long text following can be read in three ways:

1. Quick-readers just read the bold-formatted text and thus get an overview over the main statements.

2. More interested readers read the normal-formatted text too.

3. Those, who want to check and calculate this feasibility study, additionally read the small-formatted text. Thus they achieve the total understanding of this project and the certainty to bring in their money ingeniously.

0. Foreword

We are standing at the beginning of a climate catastrophe. We have suspected this since approximately 1970. Since approximately 1990, the facts were clear for each one interested. The last doubters were probably convinced by 2006 and the professional hypocrites will fall silent gradually. All realizations of the scientists and also our own experiences with the ‘Century’ summers, storms, precipitations, floods, landslides, glacier meltdowns, etc. leave no more doubts. The weather extremes and their consequences will increase further, because the carbon-dioxide concentration of the atmosphere is too high to give a stable climate and its temperature rises inexorably further. A mere reduction of the CO₂-outlet lets the catastrophe increase further. It cannot stop the catastrophe and can not reverse it at all.

What is therefore to be done if we do not want to endure this fate any further and if we do not want to let it aggravate any further either?

In this text I - a diploma-physicist - describe here how we can stop the climate catastrophe with relatively low expenditure within 30 years and then can reduce it again and even eliminate it.

We therefore capture the CO₂ from the atmosphere. We can reduce it again into carbon, into C, and we can deposit it as C. Then, when the catastrophe has been reversed, we commence with the cycle process, the recycling of the carbon, as acronym C-recycling or even more shortly ‘Ccycling’ for being able to use further our optimized combustion technology – just without its faulty aspects.

The carbon from the fossils mainly from coal, from petroleum and from natural gas by combustion is released into the atmosphere as CO₂ and is collected again from it with solar energy. The collection of the CO₂ from the atmosphere takes three years after completion of this project. It is reduced to C and it is stored at first as anthracite, as solid coals.

We then - with the same technology - build a new energy production and distribution system for the entire mankind. It changes the solar energy into technically usable energy. The surface of approximately 2 million square kilometres is covered with particular sun collectors at the edges of the deserts of all continents, for each human approximately 330 m². The collected energy is transformed into electric energy, then directly into chemical energy in form of hydrocarbons, that is petrol, gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil, and also in pure carbon in the form of coal or anthracite for deposition.

The liquid fuel is distributed with pipelines worldwide, the electric current made from it in the cities of the world is distributed over shorter distances with high voltage nets, and the coal is secured in deposits for the future. The carbon is Ccycled from the CO₂ of the atmosphere. Without the carbon in the form of CO₂ from the air this simple Ccycling would not work: The CO₂ is the pure and easily accessible carbon treasure of mankind like it is for life itself. Life recycles its carbon and likewise we will recycle our industrially produced CO₂ with our technology. With this treasure we can achieve a planetary wide energy flow, its source being the sun.

1. Concrete

We take for example one trillion (10¹²; US-counting used here: 1 billion in European counting = 1 million millions) Euros (€) per year, gathered from less than 5 percent of the income of all sufficiently earning people of this earth. With it we erect 6.000 sun power plants each of 1.000.000 kilowatts in the desert regions of the earth in the course of 30 years.

That is a total price of approximately 5.000 €/ human being, or 167 € per human being and year for the duration of 30 years, or of 46 cents per day for everyone. - The world national product 2006 amounted to 44,4 trillion dollars (44,4 x 10¹² US$); 5% of it are 2,2 trillion dollars. That is much more than the required money quantity per year.

This is a ‘Mankind Project’: The entire mankind is affected by the catastrophe. 5.000 Euros/ human being within a generation is not much, for smaller organizations or states 1 trillion Euros per year however is very much - ‘too much’.

The sun power plants optimally suited for this purpose are Thermic Power Plants, ‘TPPs’, also called upcurrent power plants, solar updraft towers, solar chimneys, solar towers or Solar Aero-Electric Power Plants, SAEPPs. These are very big, open, circular greenhouses with glass roof and with a high chimney in the centre that generate strong updraft through warming of air, therefore through ‘Thermic’.¹) Several turbines with current generators are at the bottom of the chimney of the TPP. With the wind, generated by the pressure difference between outside and inside, the TPP generates electric energy in the current generator. Simultaneously, the CO₂ is filtered out of the used air, and it is transformed to carbon ‘C’ with the generated energy. For this purpose inside of the TPP a felt textile is put up, through which rinses down a watery solvent for CO₂. It picks up the CO₂ from the used air.

¹) For descriptions and images:

http://www.solarmillenium.de/ > Technologie > Aufwindkraftwerke; >Fakten; & >Funktionsweise; & >Pilotprojekt;

http://www.vdi-nachrichten.com/vdi_nachrichten/aktuelle_ausgabe/akt_ausg_detail.asp?source=mail&cat=2&ID=12158

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermikkraftwerk

The CO₂ is reduced to carbon, to ‘C’ in a chemical process. This process needs the same energy that becomes free, when carbon is burned. This energy is available from the sun through the TPPs.

The carbon is final-deposited in non corroding steel or concrete receptacles. In 35 to 60 years (according to urgency) from the beginning of the project for 30 trillion Euros not only the climate catastrophe is eliminated but even the CO₂-level of the atmosphere of 1880 is restored. Thereafter the solar energy is available to mankind as solar generated fuel oil, as ‘soloil’, or as electric current or in any other form - including Ccycling - with one kilowatt per human being. The maintenance costs of the TPPs are very low, far under 1 cents per kilowatt hour, for example 0,32 c/ kWh ²).

²) Aufwindkraftwerke: Jörg Schlaich; FVS Themen S. 85 - 89; 2002;

The big investment was invested already in the long time stable installations. Fuel costs do not accrue, because the sun shines gratuitously for us all and gives its energy free of charge to us all. This energy system belongs to mankind, because they paid it with ‘5 percent’ themselves – without making debts.

If something like a so-called ‘ice age’ or another atmospheric crisis ever should come again, then the so generated carbon depots stand ready in order to warm up the climate again by finely dosed combustion, if it is wished then. They are fast accessible energy reserves likewise, if unexpectedly more energy is required than was installed.

Mankind hereby attains control over the temperature of the climate of our spaceship, the earth, by being able to correct the deviations from the average of that climate in which we as humanity have been evolving.

We get out of the atmosphere the surplus carbon share of 170 billion tons, that is 28,3 tons of carbon per human being - and that already was all! That is a cubus with sides of 2,44 m, a small room, and that is the threat of mankind! For how long will we want to go on suffering and dying from it?

Each of the 6 billion people must raise 258.000 kWhs for it in order to even out the disused atmospheric dump of mankind's last four generations (including our own).

For investment costs of 2 cents per kilowatt hour, we can eliminate the climate catastrophe (5.000.00 c/ 258.000 kWh = 1,94 c/ kWh):

5.000 € / human being altogether for the end of the climate catastrophe and also simultaneously for the erection of a new, additional, complete, world-wide, decentralized, non-polluting, secure, compatible, solar, long-lasting and furthermore Ccycel-capable energy system almost without operating costs: - A dream to be materialized!

The climate catastrophe not only can be stopped completely with it in approximately three years after completion of the project but the atmosphere even can be restituted again, in that all of the superfluous CO₂ will be removed from it.

Incidentally: In order to become free from fossil energy with nuclear energy, we accordingly needed 6.000 Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with 1 GW or one million kilowatts each. As the nuclear power was installed on earth, it was said conciliatorily: Statistically only each 10.000 years there will be a ‘Greatest Reasonable Accident’ a GAU. The ‘greatest reasonable accident’ in Tchernobyl in the year 1986 proved this statistical statement emphatically and concretized its meaning.

Today, approximately 440 nuclear power plants work on earth.

10.000 Years/ 440 NPPs = 22,7 years: This is the average time from ‘greatest reasonable accident’ to ‘greatest reasonable accident’. 1986 + 23 years = 2009. Someday soon, a ‘greatest reasonable accident’ will take place again statistically on earth.

With 10.000 years / 6.000 NPPs = 1,67 years/ ‘greatest reasonable accident’ mankind's sorrow would be indescribably big. Which clear-headed human being wishes himself and his family such a future? Just money-driven minds who want to get their share from money already invested in nuclear technology can respect their money more than mankind’s destiny. The investments for NPPs would be bigger than for the equal power of TPPs - and in 70 years the Uranium deposits of earth are exhausted anyway…

The following detailed text shows that the idea of the Ccycling is practicable. It is a ‘feasibility-study.’ It is written in a way that it is relatively easily legible for scientifically not trained people too.

Here are the abbreviations, figures and rules that I use in this text:

This text was translated from German into English by me, so that more people can obtain information about Ccycling. It is broken English, but sufficient to understand the information. Whoever feels inclined to correct it is very welcome. Please do not confuse the English style with the content!

The newly created term ‘Ccycling’ for the concept ‘Carbon Recycling’ is spoken like the English word ‘Recycling’, but with the English ‘C’ instead of ‘Re:’ ‘Cee-cycling.’ The regular verb is called ‘to Ccycle.’

The newly created term ‘soloil’ for ‘fuel oil generated by solar energy’ is also pronounced English.

I use the abbreviations ‘TPP’ for ‘Thermic Power Plant’, ‘CO₂’ for ‘carbon-dioxide’ and ’C’ for ‘carbon.’ I use numbers like in the German and international convention: The comma ‘,’ is the decimal point, the point ‘.’ marks each three powers of ten, e.g. one million point zero = 1.000.000,0, following the International System of Measurement Units.

I use the units ‘a’ for ‘year,’ ‘d’ for ‘day,’ ‘h’ for ‘hour’ and ‘s’ for ‘second.’ I use the units of ‘ppmv,’ ‘parts per million volume,’ measured per one million parts after its volume and ‘ppmm,’ ‘parts per million mass,’ measured per one million parts after its mass.

1 ppmv is 0,001‰ of the volume, 1ppmm is 0,001‰ of the mass.

I mostly use the energy units ‘kW’ for ‘kilowatt’ of power (energy/ time) and ‘kWh’ for ‘kilowatt hour’ of energy, because they are the clearest for each human being. I use the unit ‘GW’ for ‘Gigawatt’ (10⁹ W = 1 million kilowatts) additionally.

‘1-GW-TPP’ means: One Gigawatt Thermic Power Plant.

I use ‘x’ as multiplication symbol and ’/ ‘ as ‘division’ symbol. The symbol ‘| x' or ’| /' means: I multiply or divide the last equation with the hereupon following expression.

I use the round number of 6 billion as number of the now living people.

Since I had recognized the actuality of the climate catastrophe in the year 1990, I frequently thought about how it is to be remedied. On a car ride in the year 1992 the idea for this project came to me, when I had sufficient time in order to weigh up the principles of this catastrophe thoroughly.

I publish it now in 2007 because I hope that the time for this idea finally came.

If ten million Euros are met, then the planning of the details can begin, if half a billion (= 500 million) Euros are met, the construction of the first TPP can begin as a pilot project and for the energy production of the following other TPPs of the first 1-GW-TPP. If it should be used for the energy supply, then it admittedly does not contribute to the end of the climate catastrophe, but at least it decreases the output of CO₂ through the energy won with it like any other non fossil power plant, just with more energy per invested money. Each investor hereby is called upon to start with it now.

In this text I describe the future of this idea in indicative because the most favourable idea will prevail.

2. The present situation

Since approximately 1990, it was clear that mankind caused an eco-catastrophe that almost is irreversible: Through the combustion of fossils that consist of carbon or carbon compounds, CO₂ comes into the atmosphere that lets through the visible rays of the 6.500 Kelvin hot sun, but as greenhouse gas it absorbs the very long-wave infrared-rays of the 300 Kelvin warm earth. So the energy remains on the earth and can be emitted less effectively into space.

At the beginning of the industrial age by 1750, even still by 1880, just four generations ago, there were 280 ppmv (280 parts per million volumes) CO₂ in the air, in 2005, it was 380 ppmv CO₂, an increase by +36 percent compared to the starting value, by more than one third of the natural share. The annual increase amounts approximately to 1,5 - 2 ppmv / year at the beginning of the third millennium.

Mankind burns the carbon of the anthracite and the hydrocarbons of the petroleum and natural gas in order to generate energy. This used energy including their waste heat can be disposed of without problems from the earth as infrared radiation into space. This energy is not the problem.

The chemical waste, the ‘airy ash’ of the combustion that is the carbon dioxide, now provides, however, that the sunlight itself can be disposed of no more.

The sun as source of energy radiates 1,37 kilowatts per square meter earth surface. Of those is emitted again 37 percent as visible light: The Albedo of the earth amounts at the moment to 37 percent. 63% are absorbed by the earth and heat it.

That is 108 trillion kilowatts per earth, therefore approximately 18.000 kilowatts of duration performance per human being.

The calculation to this is like follows:

The surface of the sun-shone earth corresponds to a circle-disk with the diameter of the earth:

d_Erd² x π / 4 = (12.600 km)² x 0,785 =

= 158.760.000 x 10⁶ m² x 0,785 ≈ 125.000 x 10⁹ m²

With the performance of the sun of 1,37 kilowatts/ m² (in the distance of the earth from the sun) follows:

| x 1,37 kilowatts/ m² = 171.250 x10⁹ kilowatts/ earth incident radiation

With the absorption of the earth of 63 percent follows:

| x 0,63 = 107.888 x 10⁹ kilowatts/ earth radiation absorbed

Divided through 6 billion people:

| / 6 x 10⁹ people = 17.981 kilowatts/ human being ≈ 18.000 kilowatts/ human being

The sun beams on the earth 24 hours per day. This therefore is the duration performance.

About one percent of it additionally heats up the earth now, every year proportionally somewhat more, tendency: Over the years constantly further increasing without end, until we stop it, or better, until we invert it.

The estimate calculation to the warming of the earth is:

The energy radiation E of a body is proportional to the fourth power of ten of its absolute temperature T: E ~ T⁴. The earth warmed in the last decades by approximately +1°C, from approximately T₁ = 300K to approximately T₂ = 301K:

T₂⁴ / T₁⁴ = 301⁴ K⁴ / 300⁴ K⁴ = 8,2085 x 10⁹ / 8,1 x 10⁹ = 1,0134 = +1,34 percent. The energy radiation increased by approximately 1,3 percent through the temperature increase of +1°C.

The difference between in-radiation and out-radiation leads to the warming. The out-radiation increases through the warming.

The additional insulation of the earth through the CO₂ increases the temperature of the earth. Therefore the out-radiation increases, to bring it again into a new balance with the always constant in-radiation of the sun. If the insulation becomes stronger, so the temperature must increase accordingly further. This simple energetic consideration exposes all claims that the climate change is not existent as frauds.³) This consideration just uses the universal law of the conservation of energy.

³) http://blog.rainbownet.ch/umwelt/klima-schwindel-die-klimaluge-bei-rtl , etc.

Mankind quite naively began a large scale experiment four generations ago with the spaceship earth without suspecting that we did this - and still we keep on doing it.

It consisted of using the fossils, the peat, the lignite, the stone coal, and then also the petroleum and the natural gas, in order to heat and to run machines with the energy contained in it. The ash emerging with the combustion was disposed of. About the waste disposal of the smoke, no one needed to concern, because the atmosphere of the planet was ‘sufficiently’ big so that it could pick up the exhaust fumes without side effects. In the atmosphere, through the winds they were supplied to the plants again, so that they could recycle the smoke.

The sooty skies,

the stench of the industry exhaust fumes,

the ‘sour rain’ and the forest decay,

the fine dust and the increase of allergies,

the extinction of many animal and plant species

were indications that also the entire planet is overburdened with the waste disposal of the waste of ten billions of additional ‘horse powers, HP’ (that is 6 billion people with 1 kW/ human and 1 HP = 735 W = 0,735 kW; 1 kW = 1,36 HP; 1,36 HP x 6 x 10⁹ humans = 8,2 x 10⁹ HP ≈ 10¹⁰ HP/ human).

This large scale experiment with the spaceship earth went wrong. It leads guaranteed into the catastrophe. It already now leads in supply difficulties that shock our whole social system. It gave already two ‘oil crises’ after 1970. Euphemically so-called ‘preemptive wars’ and euphemically so-called ‘civil wars’ are led about the petroleum areas.

We now are in the third oil crisis. It began 2006 with the Peak Oil ⁴), the maximum production of petroleum on this planet. Since then, the output of the petroleum decreases principally and inexorably. The market counteracts shortages with price increase. The petroleum price increases up to the drying up the oil wells, or only as long as we need this much petroleum - until we become independent from it.

http://www.peakoil.net/; http://egan.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/05/oils-end/

http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/2007-12_EWG_Oelstudie_kurz_d.pdf

This end of the petroleum age is withheld on purpose from the population so that the price increase can continue as long as possible. Now, the time of the really big profits of the petroleum companies begins, because it was missed on purpose to invest big into alternative energy forms so that we get involved into a shortage of the energy.

It must be acted anyway, in fact in quite big scale and very fast.

The concrete question is:

How do we get independent from the fossil fuels, retain the advantages of the present technology, dispose of the exhaust fumes of four generations and nevertheless enter the solar age of the third millennium seamlessly and fast?

The emphasis is on the word ‘fast’, because a retarded development like until now costs too much: Human lives, species lives, labor and quality of life - and also money.

I propose a project here that stops the situation in a way not thought of until now and that even can turn it back. I portray the project with elaborate calculations so extensively that each reader himself can check exactly that this project actually is successfully practicable. Because each reader should be intentionally willing, having thoroughly read the text, to pay this project voluntarily with 5 percent of his income that is over the poverty line.

I describe many details, so that they - after publication of this text - are no more patentable, if they possibly could have been patentable previously.

I show the feasibility at first and afterwards (in Annex 3) the financiability of the Ccycling project. It contains the following synergically connected part projects:

1. The production of solar energy with 1 kilowatt per human being

2. The collection of CO₂ from the air and its storage

3. The CO₂-transmutation to C

4. The depositing of the C

5. The transmutation of the C to soloil

6. The distribution of the soloil with pipelines over the whole earth

7. The distribution of the electricity over the whole earth

8. The cultivation of food for all mankind in the TPPs

9. The transportation of the food over the whole earth (Annex 1)

10. The desalination of sea water (Annex 2)

11. The greening of the deserts of this earth (Annex 2)

3. Some more concrete considerations to the actualization of the Ccycling

The locations of the CCyclers should lie at approximately 23° north and 23° south. The first TPPs should lie with inferior distance to an ocean at the edge of deserts.

The big deserts of the earth largely lie approximately at the two tropics near 23° north and south. There the air masses warmed up at the equator, having rained, sink down to earth, thereby warm up again and therefore are very dry. The dryness of this air is the cause of the deserts. At 23° north, they lie in

1. North Africa,

2. the Arabic peninsula and

3. the southwest of North America (Mexico);

at 23° south, they lie in

4. South Africa,

5. Australia and

6. the west of South America.

7. In Asia, they lie in higher latitude at 40° north east of the Caspian sea,

8. likewise in the USA in Arizona.

These eight regions are so gigantic, that it is easy, to find optimized locations and to equip them with infrastructure. The Sahara alone has a surface of nine million km². The most suitable locations lie at stone deserts, in which the danger of sandstorms is low. (The danger of the sandstorms is low anyway for the CCyclers, because of the felt material covers around the turbines.) The locations have strong sun radiation because of a high standing sun in dry air almost daily. At the tropics, the sun stands in the zenith in the local summer at noon. In the winter, it stands at 90° - 2 x 23° = 44° over the horizon.

sin 44° = 0,7. The effectivity of the TPPs sinks to a minimum of 0,7 = 70% at winter solstice.

Until approximately 45° latitude it is possible to erect big TPPs economically. In the winter, the sun at 45° latitude still stands at noon 90° - 45° - 23,5° = 21,5° above the horizon, in the summer 90° - 45° + 23,5° = 68,5° above the horizon. The farther the sun stands from the zenith, the surface of the thermic power plant must become bigger for the same performance (according to the sinus of the angle from the horizon plus atmospheric extinction), the other considerations remain the same. At 20° above the horizon the sunlight must pass three times the amount of air compared to 90°.

The effectiveness of the utilization is optimal with 23° latitude. The southern TPPs power the southern hemisphere of the equator as far south as to the South tops of the continents; the northern TPPs power the northern hemisphere of the earth with solar energy as far north as to the northern polar circle.

The CCyclers are almost self sufficient at the beginning of their utilization: Their energy comes from the sun, their raw material from the air, their final product C is deposited in their proximity. Only later, the other utilization forms of the solar energy join:

Pipelines for soloil,

Pipelines for water desalination and desert irrigation,

High voltage networks for the transportation of the electricity in the near surroundings.

Settlements and cities of a new lifestyle are built around them in the parks of the again awakening nature having enough water for growing and flowering.

Only streets to the building sites, villages for the construction workers and co-workers with their infrastructure and a water connection with an ocean with two saltwater pipelines must originate at the beginning of the construction works, so that the large scale building sites can work and afterwards the CCyclers too. From the saltwater, freshwater is won and the concentrated saltwater is disposed again into the ocean - or it is partly used for cheap production of healthy sea salt.

There already are different sun power plant types that work with different conversion principles, some of them tried large scale technically:

Photovoltaic with big silicon surfaces,

Photovoltaic with concentrating mirrors as parabolic furrows with approximately 30fold concentration and more,

Heating of water or other liquids in parabolic furrows to steam, whose energy is used by electro generators,

Central towers with a recipient, which is lent to very high temperatures. Very many flat heliostat mirrors are directed to it.

The effectiveness of their utilization of the solar energy is approximately 15 percent.

And there are TPPs, ThermicPowerPlants or UpcurrentPowerPlants, solar updraft towers, solar chimneys, solar towers or Solar Aero-Electric Power Plants, SAEPPs. ¹)²) I describe them more exactly, because they form the basis of the Ccycling: They work with big circular surfaces that are roofed with clear glass. The sun radiation under the glass is absorbed in the ground. The ground becomes heated through it. It gives off its heat to the air over it.

¹) Descriptions and images:

http://www.solarmillenium.de/ > Technologie > Aufwindkraftwerke; >Fakten; & >Funktionsweise; & >Pilotprojekt;

http://www.vdi-nachrichten.com/vdi_nachrichten/aktuelle_ausgabe/akt_ausg_detail.asp?source=mail&cat=2&ID=12158

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermikkraftwerk

²) Aufwindkraftwerke: Jörg Schlaich; FVS Themen S. 85 - 89; 2002;

The air is warmed up, expands and so gets thinner and therefore in the middle of the circular surface the air rises into a very high central ‘chimney’. The air drives several air turbines with current generators that are at the bottom of the chimney. The pressure difference at both sides of the turbines is transformed to energy. In the chimney there is more than a kilometre of heated air that is thin, around the chimney there is colder and thicker air pressing the air into the turbines. ThermicPowerPlants are a type of gigantic round greenhouse that is open at the periphery and has a very high chimney in the middle.

These power plants can generate energy 24 hours per day, in fact all the more even, the bigger their heat buffer is. They will form the energy ground load supply of the earth.

A form of the heat buffer could look like this:

The ground consists of heat storages in form of once filled, extensive water reservoirs that are less than 1 m deep. They are thermally insulated below and have covers of dull black electric oxided aluminium with big cooling ribs up to the air and down to the water that are directional to the center of the TPP. With these heat storages, the TPPs can work uninterruptedly without sun radiation with full performance even several days, according to the depth of the basin. They have a ‘sun storage ground heating’ so to speak.

With 1 m of depth there are 1.000 l H₂O / m² with 1000 cal / (l x °C) = 10⁶ cal / (°C x m²). (1 cal = 1 calory = +1°C for 1ml water)

With 4,2 Ws / cal and 3,6 x 10⁶ Ws / kWh follows: (1 Ws = 1 watt second and 3.600 s/h x 1.000 W/ kilowatt = 3.600.000):

[10⁶ cal/ (°C x m²)] x 4,2 Ws/cal / (3,6 x 10⁶ Ws/kWh) = 3,9 kWh/ °C x m² of energy storage.

The sun radiation is approximately 1 kW or 1 kWh/ h. With 20°C temperature reduction of the reservoir, I can drive the TPP without sun radiation approximately 80 hours or 3,3 days.

(3,9 kWh/ °C x m² x 20°C = 78 kWh/ m²). The heat storage is thermally filled in about a week and from then on is available for the entire term.

TPPs even work with diffuse sun radiation, because the radiation does not become concentrated. Buffered through the heat storages the TPP works extremely economically with almost constant energy output.

The glass roof consists of prefabricated quadratic double glass elements in modular series production. The glass of the collector surfaces should be double glass in order to minimize the losses through heat conductivity. The glass should be anti-reflection coated, so that the reflection losses of approximately 16% (4 % at each four glass surfaces) are decreased to approximately 5%. Anti-reflection treatment for optical systems is a series process that still nevertheless is expensive today, because it is a treatment of a few square meters per day. If however the glassworks make an anti-reflection treatment for over 1.000 square kilometres of glass, then, the price per square meter only amounts to a few cents: The additional expenditure in order to achieve some 10 percent more effectiveness with the TPPs is worthwhile.

The bearers of the roof are 2 to 10 m high steel armoured concrete pillars with streamlined cross-section directed to the centre, so that the friction resistance to the airflow is minimized.

The usable sun radiation has approximately 1 kilowatt/ m² for daily approximately seven hours or 0,29 days, therefore approximately 290 W/ m² continuous input. The efficiency of big TPPs is low unfortunately, approximately only 0,7 percent. For smaller collector surfaces, the efficiency sinks even further.²) Only very big TPPs are therefore economic. However, by the measures described here, the efficiency can be increased by over 50 percent of the standard value from 0,7 percent to far over 1%:

1. dull-black absorbers from

2. high heat conductivity aluminium with

3. cooling ribs and

4. constant water temperature,

5. anti-reflection

6. double glass,

7. low turbulence formation in the airflow.

A slightly costlier investment presumably is more favorable with very long terms than a less effective savings version.

The higher the chimney is the bigger the efficiency, with which the incident radiation can be used. Since the high heated air column in the interior of the chimney and also over it is much thinner than the cooler air column, that surrounds the chimney outside, a hypotension is created in the interior of the chimney that is all the bigger, the higher the chimney is. It drives the air upward that streams in below, and it drives in the cooler fresh air at the outside periphery of the TPPs.

A practically realizable TPP could have a circular glass surface of 38 km², therefore a radius of 3,5 km. The chimney could have a height of one kilometre, an inner diameter of 120 meters with wall strength of 99 cm below and 25 cm above. In the interior of the chimney, streamlined pre-stressed steel spokes are appropriate to the stiffening against torsion forces. The pre-tension originates through montage of the spokes between an inner ring with small diameter and the outside ring that is tense at the chimney-outside-wall.

The chimney seems gigantic at the first moment. It is to be built relatively simply, however, different than a skyscraper of this height: It has the form of a tube. It has a height not even eightfold the diameter. The static is simple, the wind strengths are low. Nevertheless, its foundation must be a big and thick concrete plate, because the weight of the chimney amounts to approximately 400.000 tons.

This TPP has a continuous output of approximately 77 kilowatt (without the 7 described methods to the increase of the efficiency. Possibly the continuous output power will be two times as high.).

13 such single power plants construct a unit, that has 1-GW = 1 million kilowatts of continuous output, a ‘1-GW-TPP.’ The diameter of the entire unit is approximately 40 km, comparable to the surface of a city of several million inhabitants. More than half of the surface serves to the influx of the air into the individual TPPs.

6.000 such units must be erected in order to have 6 billion kilowatts of continuous output.

The calculation to this:

r = 3,5 km; d = 7,0 km; F = d² x π / 4 = 49 km² x 0,785 = 38,5 km² = 38,5 x 10⁶ m² collector surface of a TPP

│x 290 W / m² = 11,2 x 10⁶ kilowatts incident performance

│x 0,7 percent of efficiency = 78 kilowatts of continuous output per TPP

│x 13 TPPs = 1.015.000 kilowatts = 1,02 GW. 1 million kilowatts of continuous output of the installation.

38,5 km² x 13 = 500,5 km² = collector surface of the 1GW-TPP

D = 40 km; F_total = 40² km² x π / 4 = 1.256 km² total surface of the 1GW-TPP / 325 km² = 2,51-times.

6.000 x 1.256 km² = 7.536.000 km²; │ / 2,51 = 3,0 million km² collector surface of the Ccycling Project

6.000 x 1 million kilowatts = 6 billion kilowatts / mankind

The surface of the earth is 510.000.000 km².

3.000.000 km² / 510.000.000 km² = 0,00588 = 5,9‰. The collector surface is 0,6 percent of the surface of the earth.

The used materials are concrete, glass, steel and aluminium as immovable, once to build structure and additionally the classic turbines with current generators as single moving parts. Concrete and glass are products that can be produced simply and cheaply on the whole earth. The energy required to their manufacture can already be delivered by the first TPPs. For the realization of this mankind project, the accordingly big production places must be erected at the borders of the deserts of the continents.

The main wear-parts are the turbines with current generators with very long terms until the next maintenance like in conventional power plants. They furthermore run day and night with constant performance; therefore they run wear-poor. And they run very slowly. One takes several turbines for one TPP, so that each one is small and cheap and that the others keep on working if one should fail. The turbines are Kaplan turbines that collect energy from the pressure difference of the moving air. They are tested in water power plants worldwide since 1913.⁵)

⁵) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan-Turbine

The most important cost factor of a TPP is the labor that is needed mainly for the construction and afterwards only to a very low extent for the operation and for the maintenance.

A part of the maintenance is the cleaning of the glass roof. A roboter for high-pressure water cleaning, that sucks up the water with the mud again, with 10 m of width and a speed of one meter per second cleans on one day, consisting of 24 x 60 x 60 s = 86.400 seconds: 864.000 m² = 0,864 km², therefore in one month it cleans over 25 km² glass roofs. Such a cleaning machine, that is sufficiently light-weight, belongs to each TPP in order to be able to drive on the glass roof. Experience has shown that the glass is cleaned automatically by the wind. So this roboter is more than sufficient.

TPPs work with conventional, long tried technology (greenhouse and turbine generator). They are long time stable. They now are already - positioned in deserts - more favorable than conventional fossil power plants and essentially more favorable than nuclear power plants.

Tornado power plants are a possible advancement of the TPP. In them the air in the chimney is caused to rotate quickly. By this means it is assured that the whirlwind rising quickly into the atmosphere stays there over the chimney for some hundreds of meters. So the chimney is virtually much higher than the concrete tower. The effective height of the chimney multiplied with the surface of the glass roof collector defines the efficiency of the TPP.

Another possibility to increase the output power with less investment costs could be to use a plastic tube on top of the concrete chimney, its walls consisting of two layers of plastic filled with air with excess pressure for stiffening. Experiments in that direction are made. Its opening in the atmosphere could be lifted up with a stationary Helium balloon fixated with three ropes.

Another possibility to increase the efficiency of a TPP consists in the combination with the principle of the fall wind power plant or catabatic wind power plant, that is applied here vice versa (therefore outside): The vaporization of freshwater generates vaporization cold. It makes the air cooler, therefore denser; therefore it effects a higher pressure outside the chimney. If spray nozzles for freshwater are installed at the outsides of the chimney of the TPP and through it cool the outside air that therefore becomes denser, then the pressure difference between the warm air that streams in the interior of the chimney and the cooled down outside air rises. The turbines are driven more strongly according to the greater pressure difference. The outside air already is cooler over the glass roof than the environment air of the desert area anyway, because the glass roof consists of double glass so that it remains cool outside. The sun radiation is absorbed only in the ground in the interior. Glass is impermeable for long-wave infrared radiation; the inner glass warms by the warmth of the air and by the infrared radiation of the ground and the outside glass remains cool (‘greenhouse effect’). The heat remains in the interior of the glass roof.

TPPs constructed on slopes

For the northern hemisphere of the earth the following description is correct, for the southern hemisphere ‘south’ is to be replaced by ‘north’:

At southern slopes of valleys or also of hills in the flat landscape TPPs are asymmetric: The glass roofs of a TPP are parallel to the slope with the chimney at the top of the hill. The glass roofs have an opening in the valley and they are closed at the sides and the chimney is not in the middle of the glass roof but at the highest point of the slope that is falling down to the south. In this way, the height of the slope can be used in addition to the altitude of the chimney and the narrowing of the slope in direction to the top serves for the concentration of the air and therefore of its pressure.

In the plain this concentration is achieved by planting the chimney in the centre of the roof in form of a circle.

The slope in southern direction also has a better angle to the sun so that these places are to be preferred to flat surfaces.

There are other sun power plants that work essentially more effectively than the TPPs, calculated in output power to input radiation of the sun. Efficiencies of 15 percent already are exceeded. But calculated as ‘investment in money’ to ‘continuous output’, measured in Euros / kilowatt nevertheless the TPP possibly has the lowest number, because the investment in square meters of double window glass probably can not be undercut. Also the maintenance costs are extremely low because of the simple wind turbines with current generators, exactly like with the technically ripe normal wind power plants. Likewise, the long-time stability probably is not surpassable, because of the simplicity of the TPPs. Practically no ‘high tech’ is used. On the other hand the big surface used by the TPPs is especially good for the collecting of air for the recycling of the CO₂.

Nevertheless it should be considered whether the energy of other sun power plants cannot be shared in order to use it in the conversion of C from CO₂ if the CO₂ was already gathered by the TPPs.

4. Collecting and transmuting of the CO₂ from the air

The energy capacity is the prerequisite for the second and third step of this mankind project: Collecting of the CO₂ out of the air and its transmutation to C.

The air that streams into the TPP is led through liquid chemicals in the inside of the installation, for example through a watery solution of Lithiumhydroxid (LiOH) or alternatively through soda-lye (Natriumhydroxid, NaOH) or through lime-water (Ca(OH)₂). These materials bind the CO₂, with which they come in connection.

A felt material curtain is vertically fixed at the glass roof construction and at the ground around an inside periphery of the TPP. The liquid for the absorption of the CO₂ is supplied by the edge of the glass roof and slowly runs vertically downward in the felt material from above through its weight. The air streams horizontally through this felt into the TPP. This felt with the absorption liquid works like a filter, that binds the CO₂, but lets the air pass through. It decreases the effectiveness of the TPP a little because an inferior pressure difference prevails on both sides of the felt material. Furthermore, some water is evaporated at the passageway of the air. The air becomes somewhat cooler through it.

The hypotension in the interior of the TPP drives the air through the moist felt. The liquid gathers in grooves below the felt filter, and comes to the chemical processing of the CO₂, while the regenerated liquid streams anew through the felt.

The absorption liquid as addition to the water is necessary, because the solubility of CO₂ in water (from air with 1 bar) is 0,5 mg/ l (at 20°C); approximately 0,2 mg/ l at the higher desert temperatures.) Here is the calculation:

With 380 ppmv CO₂ in air, a m³ = 10⁶ cm³ of air contains 380 cm³ CO₂.

CO₂ has a density of 1,98 kg / m³ (under normal conditions), air has1,293 kg / m³.

(1,98 kg/ m³) / (1,293 kg/ m³) = 1,53.

The mass parts per millions ppmm of the CO₂ in the atmosphere are 1,53-fold the ppmv.

It is therefore 380 ppmv x 1,53 = 582 ppmm (parts per millions masses) CO₂ in the air. 1 m³ air contains 380 cm³ CO₂ or 582 mg CO₂. With pure water as solvent, one needed for this quantity 582 mg CO₂ / 0,2 mg/l = 2.907 liters ≈ 3 m³ H₂O per m³ air. That is unrealistically much. One therefore needs another solvent that works more effectively, for example, one of these above mentioned watery solutions.

Possibly, other procedures are even more suitable, for example the electro chemical separation or Aluminiosilicates as receivers of the CO₂-molecules or a unification of several of these procedures. However, the collecting-effect for CO₂ with the streaming of the air through the wet felt material is presumably the biggest and at the same time cheapest method.

Alternatively it could be also done additionally with a mist of the solvent in an area between two felt material filters if even higher CO₂collecting-effectiveness is wished. The mist is collected with the inner felt filter.

Because of the wind speeds in the interior of the TPP, the felt material must be very stable. It can, for example consist of a thick web of micro fibers from polypropylene, that is reinforced with fiberglass or coal fibers.

With the gigantic quantities of air, that stream through the felt, the evaporation of the water is not to be neglected, and the supplies of the water in the desert must be solved, which is done by the freshwater production that is necessary anyway.

On the other hand, air with higher humidity is created through it in the desert regions. The moisture can rain, because the air directly after moistening reaches a height of several kilometres and cools down very fast very strongly. This will essentially improve the weather in wind direction behind the TPPs. Trees, that are planted there, can thrive better through it.

The first forest plantations are therefore positioned in the main wind direction of the TPPs.

The water supplies are guaranteed through a double pipeline of non-corroding steel to the next-situated ocean that is put to any 1-GW-TPP. It leads 3,5% salty sea water to the TPP. It is pressed at high pressure through ion-filters with solar energy and so is changed to freshwater. The thinner return-pipeline with 10 percent of the cross-section of the sea water pipeline leads the 10:1 concentrated saltwater back into the ocean at an outlet sufficiently far away from the inlet, as well as to salina fields in the coast region, in which the sea salt is harvested that was up-concentrated with solar energy. With the saltwater pipelines, it also is secured that enough water is available for the construction and for the workers.

During the construction phase of the first TPP of a group, however, the energy must be available through a small extra-power plant for the construction and for the water desalination. After completion of construction this conventional power plant can be removed to the next construction site.

Later, when the atmosphere has the wanted CO₂-concentration, the freshwater production can be one of the main goals of the TPPs in order to make the deserts fertile and afterwards also, in order to lift the ground-water level under the deserts again - another century project that then is possible to be realized.

(Compare Annex 2: Freshwater Production)

It can be necessary, to erect TPPs for the production of freshwater for the supply of the inhabitants of arid zones independently from the Ccycling, because of the water shortages in many areas of the world.

There are more greenhouse gases than CO₂, for example Methane CH₄, from the warming permafrost grounds and from other sources: The nitrogen of the air - it is no greenhouse gas - can be processed to nitrogen-fertilizer. If this is done, the nitrogen is secreted from the air by fractional distillation of liquified air. In this case it is easy to sequester all the other Green House Gases too. In the process of air liquefaction and fractional distillation for nitrogen production the other GHGs (CH₄, N₂O, O₃, CFCs,…) can be collected too by fractional distillation, practically without additional costs. In the chemical factory they are treated differently: CH₄ is combusted and the energy is used, the other GHGs are transformed to nitrogen, oxygen and to harmless inert solid products. But they can only be collected from a part of the air, because the cooling of the air is very energy consuming. The CO₂ in contrary can be extracted from all of the used air.

From the watery solution, the CO₂ is processed further with chemicals that reduce the carbon at 1000°C.

The reaction-equation is:

CO₂ + 393 kJ/ mol <=> C + O₂

(‘kJ/ mol’ is called 'kilojoule per mol.' 1 kilojoule is one kilowatt-second; 1 mol is the atomic weight as well as the molecular weight in grams. This conversion-equation runs in both directions (<=>): To CO₂ with the combustion (<=), to C + O₂ through the Ccycling (=>).

The conversion of kJ or kilowatt-seconds to the unit kilowatt-hour, that is more current in daily life, is:

393 kJ = 393.000 Ws │ / (1000/k x 3.600 s/h) = 0,1092 kWh. The reaction-equation therefore is rewritten:

CO₂ + 0,1092 kWh/ mol => C + O₂

The mol is the atomic or the molecular weight in grams:

C has 12 mol, O has 16 mol, O₂ therefore has 32 mol and CO₂ 44 mol. The equation therefore further rewritten is:

44 g CO₂ + 0,1092 kWh <=> 12 g C + 32 g O₂

12 grams carbon therefore yield approximately 0,1 kWh with their combustion.

The conversion of 440 g CO₂ to 120 g C + 320 g O₂ therefore costs approximately 1 kWh.

This is the reverse step to the combustion. Because of this relatively very large energy quantity it is too much CO₂ in the air at all. Therefore, mankind uses this reaction since centuries. The 0,1092 kWh/ mol are won with the combustion, that is the exothermic process that the industry uses - and with the C-production, they must be inserted into the conservation of the high temperature so that the endothermic reaction can run in the reverse direction. Whichever type of chemical conversion is chosen: All processes lead to the giving/ receiving of this energy quantity.

The Bosch process produces C directly in that it burns hydrogen at an iron catalyst between 530°C and 730°C with CO₂: (The hydrogen is previously energy-lavishly produced for example through electrolysis of water)

CO₂ + 2 H₂ => C + 2 H₂O + heat

This procedure generates carbon directly. It then is pressed strongly and is deposited as anthracite coal.

The Sabatier process transmutes CO₂ to methane at a nickel or cobalt catalyst in an inter-step between 300 and 400°C:

CO₂ + 4 H₂ => 2 H₂O + CH₄ + heat

Possibly this process is the suitable one in order to produce fuel oil - soloil.

5. ThermicPowerPlants are ideal for Ccycling

In ThermicPowerPlants, TPPs, large air masses are warmed up, whose buoyancy is converted into air speed, whose energy drives the turbines that are coupled with current generators. From these air masses, the CO₂ can be extracted simultaneously during the process of the energy production. The produced energy immediately flows into the chemical conversion-reactions.